大慶電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發(fa)布日期:2022-08-21 瀏(liu)覽次數:25509電弧熔爐生產電熔氧(yang)化鎂的(de)工藝流程(cheng)主(zhu)要包括:原(yuan)料(liao)配料(liao)、電弧熔融(rong)、破碎、選別(bie)、粉(fen)碎、篩別(bie)、磁選、分(fen)類包裝等。
(1)原料
我國有豐富的優質菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石(shi),氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)含量(liang)高,又易于開采(cai),因(yin)此,被廣(guang)泛用作(zuo)電熔(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的原料(liao)。采(cai)用菱(ling)鎂(mei)石(shi)作(zuo)原料(liao),碳酸(suan)鎂(mei)分(fen)解產生CO2氣體(ti),由于有大量(liang)氣體(ti)從爐(lu)內(nei)排(pai)出影響著電熔(rong)過程的進行:
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對電熔(rong)氧化鎂的結(jie)晶帶的形成(cheng)均有不(bu)利影(ying)響,由(you)于(yu)大(da)量(liang)塵料飛損,使(shi)物料損耗(hao)和能量(liang)消(xiao)耗(hao)增高,也惡化了車間生產環境。但(dan)由(you)于(yu)優(you)質菱鎂礦石容易獲得(de),價格很低廉,所以,仍是我國電熔(rong)氧化鎂用得(de)最多最廣泛(fan)的原料。
(2)配料
①菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦。菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦石(shi)中氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的含量(liang)高低和(he)化學成分(fen)直(zhi)接影響到(dao)電熔凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的質(zhi)量(liang),同(tong)時在電熔過程(cheng)中也直(zhi)接影響到(dao)電熔凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)(mei)得到(dao)的品級比(bi)例,因此,為了(le)保證電熔凝(ning)氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)品級比(bi)例,必須對(dui)各種(zhong)礦石(shi)進行適當(dang)的配比(bi)后進行熔煉(lian)。
②水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石(shi)。我(wo)國的遼(liao)寧省(sheng)水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石(shi)的礦(kuang)源非常豐富(fu),水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石(shi)中氧化鎂(mei)(mei)含量高于菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)石(shi)。它也(ye)是一(yi)種(zhong)制(zhi)造(zao)電熔(rong)凝氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的原料,部(bu)分地區水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石(shi)的化學成(cheng)分見表2。
表(biao)2水鎂石的(de)化學成分/%
③輕(qing)燒氧化鎂。以輕(qing)燒氧化鎂作為電熔(rong)氧化鎂原料,可以使生產環境得到改善,可以降低運輸費用(yong)。由于(yu)電熔(rong)時排(pai)出氣體(ti)少,成分也(ye)較均勻,對(dui)提高電熔(rong)氧化鎂質量有利。
我國有一(yi)些電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)以(yi)輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)球料(liao)(liao)入爐電(dian)熔(rong)。輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)含量達到(dao)98%,以(yi)此料(liao)(liao)能生產出白色大結晶電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)。但由于成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)球費用高,影響生產成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本。目前(qian),有的廠(chang)家采用反射爐輕(qing)燒氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei),以(yi)一(yi)定的粒度(du)加(jia)入熔(rong)爐電(dian)熔(rong),電(dian)熔(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)的質量比用菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石好,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本又比用球料(liao)(liao)作原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)時便(bian)宜,因而得(de)到(dao)了(le)一(yi)定的推廣。
④燒(shao)結(jie)鎂(mei)砂(sha)。為(wei)了某(mou)些電熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊要求,有時必須在電熔(rong)(rong)過程中采用(yong)(yong)(yong)燒(shao)結(jie)鎂(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)電熔(rong)(rong)原料(liao)(liao),如采用(yong)(yong)(yong)海水鎂(mei)砂(sha)作(zuo)為(wei)電熔(rong)(rong)原料(liao)(liao),一般首先利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)處(chu)理海水和(he)石灰乳作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)產氫氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei),將(jiang)氫氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)煅(duan)燒(shao)成(cheng)輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他方法也可以(yi)制(zhi)得輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(詳見工業氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)取方法),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)輕(qing)燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)原料(liao)(liao)生(sheng)產電熔(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)。奧絲脫(AusT)和(he)拉(la)特(te)爾(Ruttere)等研(yan)究認為(wei),極少量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雜質氣體(ti)(相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang))也屬于晶(jing)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雜質,可明顯影響晶(jing)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)大(da)。因為(wei)雜質相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在于增加晶(jing)界(jie)運(yun)動所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)。當晶(jing)界(jie)與(yu)(yu)第(di)(di)(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時,晶(jing)體(ti)能(neng)量(liang)降低,其降低量(liang)與(yu)(yu)第(di)(di)(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫截面(mian)(mian)積成(cheng)正比,所(suo)以(yi)必須提高(gao)晶(jing)界(jie)能(neng),晶(jing)界(jie)才能(neng)離開第(di)(di)(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼續運(yun)動。并且當晶(jing)界(jie)與(yu)(yu)第(di)(di)(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)遇時,與(yu)(yu)第(di)(di)(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)橫截面(mian)(mian)積相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)晶(jing)界(jie)必須變(bian)形,第(di)(di)(di)二相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)數量(liang)愈(yu)多,晶(jing)粒長(chang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)極限尺寸愈(yu)小(xiao)。
另一方(fang)面為了(le)降低電熔凝氧化鎂的顯氣(qi)孔率,也應盡量減少原料氧化鎂的氣(qi)體(ti)排出,因此,采用燒結鎂砂電熔有其(qi)顯著優點。
⑤電熔(rong)氧化鎂單晶的化學原料質量要求:
(3)電弧熔融
這些特性是同原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)分子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)量子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)力(li)學本性如離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)半徑的(de)尺(chi)寸(cun),離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)電位(wei)數值(zhi),離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)電子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)外層結(jie)構等(deng)相(xiang)關聯。而氧化鎂的(de)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)尺(chi)寸(cun)、質量和(he)(he)電荷、陽離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)(he)陰離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之間的(de)結(jie)合特性和(he)(he)強度、離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)極化作(zuo)用(yong)、結(jie)晶構造等(deng)決定它(ta)是一高熔點化合物。
氧化鎂(mei)的熔點和(he)結(jie)構(gou)參數(shu):陽(yang)離子半(ban)徑0.074mm;陰離子半(ban)徑0.53mm;結(jie)構(gou)類型NaCl;配位(wei)數(shu)6;有效配位(wei)數(shu)8.5;密度3.65g/cm3;熔點2800℃。
電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)制造的(de)(de)最重(zhong)要過(guo)程是由各(ge)種(zhong)鎂(mei)(mei)質原料,通過(guo)各(ge)種(zhong)形式的(de)(de)加(jia)熱方法產生高(gao)溫使鎂(mei)(mei)質材料(MgO)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),變成氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)。要使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)熔(rong)(rong)融,必須消耗(hao)大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)熱能,以克服離子間的(de)(de)引力。通過(guo)強大(da)電(dian)弧產生高(gao)溫而熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)方法叫做電(dian)弧熔(rong)(rong)融法。這個融化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程一(yi)般包(bao)括(kuo)熱的(de)(de)傳導、脫水(shui)、脫碳、熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、析晶(jing)、晶(jing)體(ti)長大(da)等一(yi)系列物理(li)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學變化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)過(guo)程。
①脫(tuo)水過程(cheng)。用水鎂(mei)(mei)石作原料有一(yi)脫(tuo)水過程(cheng)。水鎂(mei)(mei)石的主要(yao)成分是氫(qing)氧(yang)化鎂(mei)(mei)Mg(OH)2。其脫(tuo)水過程(cheng)是:
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫(tuo)碳(tan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。用菱(ling)(ling)鎂礦作(zuo)為(wei)原料時有(you)一個脫(tuo)碳(tan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),脫(tuo)碳(tan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包括(kuo)兩個方(fang)面。一方(fang)面是菱(ling)(ling)鎂礦石(shi)的熱分解,菱(ling)(ling)鎂礦石(shi)的主要成分是碳(tan)酸鎂(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另一方面,由(you)于(yu)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)熔過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)原料氧化鎂中(zhong)(zhong)加入石(shi)墨粉末添加物(助劑),在(zai)電(dian)(dian)熔爐起動(dong)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)需在(zai)三(san)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(石(shi)墨電(dian)(dian)極(ji))的下端用(yong)石(shi)墨粉末鋪成三(san)角(jiao)形或星形導(dao)線路,在(zai)通電(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)受(shou)熱燒損或完全燃燒除去石(shi)墨。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)即(ji)氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)中(zhong)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)離子和(he)氧(yang)離子在強電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)熱能作用(yong)下,克服(fu)單晶(jing)體中(zhong)的(de)晶(jing)格能的(de)束(shu)縛,變成能自由運動的(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。也就是說,氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)加熱到一(yi)定溫度(熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點)就會由固(gu)體變成液體,叫熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化(hua)。在這一(yi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)需消(xiao)耗大量的(de)電(dian)(dian)能。據電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)生(sheng)(sheng)產者對用(yong)水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)石作原(yuan)料生(sheng)(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)熱平衡(heng)的(de)衡(heng)算,熱消(xiao)耗的(de)比例(li)如下:氧(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)晶(jing)體生(sheng)(sheng)成熱消(xiao)耗值(zhi)34.9%,渣(zha)皮消(xiao)耗熱值(zhi)15.3%,散(san)砂生(sheng)(sheng)成熱耗值(zhi)3.0%,冷(leng)卻水(shui)耗熱值(zhi)8.4%,冷(leng)卻爐(lu)(lu)殼(ke)的(de)水(shui)耗熱值(zhi)7.9%,爐(lu)(lu)子表面散(san)熱值(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶走熱值(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)(dian)能損(sun)失值(zhi)3.2%,從這些(xie)統計數據可以看(kan)出,在電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)