大興電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(電熔鎂砂)的生產流程
發布(bu)日期(qi):2022-08-21 瀏覽次數:25545電弧熔爐生產電熔氧化鎂(mei)的工藝流程主要包(bao)括:原(yuan)料(liao)配料(liao)、電弧熔融、破碎(sui)、選(xuan)別、粉(fen)碎(sui)、篩別、磁選(xuan)、分(fen)類包(bao)裝等(deng)。
(1)原料
我國有豐富的(de)優質菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石(shi),氧化(hua)鎂(mei)含量(liang)(liang)高(gao),又易于(yu)開采,因此,被廣泛(fan)用(yong)(yong)作電熔氧化(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)原料(liao)。采用(yong)(yong)菱(ling)鎂(mei)石(shi)作原料(liao),碳(tan)酸鎂(mei)分解產生CO2氣(qi)體,由于(yu)有大(da)量(liang)(liang)氣(qi)體從爐內排出影響(xiang)著電熔過程的(de)進行:
MgCO3→MgO+CO2↑
對(dui)電(dian)熔氧(yang)化(hua)鎂的結晶帶(dai)的形成均有不(bu)利影響,由(you)(you)于大量塵料飛損,使物料損耗和能(neng)量消(xiao)耗增(zeng)高,也惡化(hua)了車(che)間(jian)生產環境。但由(you)(you)于優質菱鎂礦石(shi)容易獲得,價格很低廉,所以(yi),仍是我國電(dian)熔氧(yang)化(hua)鎂用得最多最廣(guang)泛的原料。
(2)配料
①菱鎂礦(kuang)。菱鎂礦(kuang)石中氧化鎂的含量(liang)(liang)高低(di)和化學成分直接(jie)影(ying)響(xiang)到電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)氧化鎂的質(zhi)量(liang)(liang),同時在電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)過(guo)程中也直接(jie)影(ying)響(xiang)到電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)氧化鎂得到的品級比(bi)例,因此,為了保證電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)凝(ning)(ning)氧化鎂的質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和品級比(bi)例,必須對(dui)各種礦(kuang)石進(jin)行適當的配(pei)比(bi)后進(jin)行熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)煉(lian)。
②水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石。我國的(de)遼寧省水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石的(de)礦(kuang)源(yuan)非常豐富,水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石中氧化鎂(mei)(mei)含量(liang)高于菱鎂(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)石。它也是一種制造電熔凝氧化鎂(mei)(mei)的(de)原(yuan)料,部分地區(qu)水(shui)(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)石的(de)化學成分見表2。
表2水鎂石的化學成分/%
③輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂。以輕(qing)燒氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂作為電熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂原料,可以使生產環境得到(dao)改善,可以降(jiang)低運輸費(fei)用(yong)。由(you)于電熔(rong)(rong)時排(pai)出氣(qi)體少,成(cheng)分也較(jiao)均勻,對提高電熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂質量(liang)有(you)利。
我國有(you)一(yi)(yi)些電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)以輕燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)制成(cheng)球料入爐(lu)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)。輕燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)含量達到98%,以此料能生產出白(bai)色大結(jie)晶電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)。但由于成(cheng)球費(fei)用高,影響(xiang)生產成(cheng)本(ben)。目前,有(you)的(de)廠(chang)家(jia)采用反射(she)爐(lu)輕燒(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei),以一(yi)(yi)定的(de)粒度加(jia)入熔(rong)(rong)爐(lu)電(dian)熔(rong)(rong),電(dian)熔(rong)(rong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)質量比(bi)用菱鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)礦(kuang)石好,成(cheng)本(ben)又比(bi)用球料作原料時便宜(yi),因而(er)得到了一(yi)(yi)定的(de)推廣。
④燒(shao)(shao)結(jie)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂。為(wei)了某(mou)些電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)特殊要求,有(you)時(shi)必須(xu)(xu)在電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)過程中采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)燒(shao)(shao)結(jie)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao),如(ru)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)海水(shui)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)砂作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao),一般首先利用(yong)(yong)(yong)處理海水(shui)和(he)石(shi)灰乳作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生(sheng)產氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei),將氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)煅燒(shao)(shao)成輕(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)其他方法也可以(yi)制得輕(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)(詳見工業氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)制取(qu)方法),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)輕(qing)燒(shao)(shao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)作(zuo)為(wei)原(yuan)(yuan)料(liao)生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)熔(rong)凝氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)。奧絲(si)脫(tuo)(AusT)和(he)拉(la)特爾(Ruttere)等(deng)研究(jiu)認為(wei),極少量的(de)雜質氣體(相(xiang))也屬于(yu)(yu)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體的(de)雜質,可明顯影響(xiang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒的(de)長(chang)大。因(yin)為(wei)雜質相(xiang)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)在于(yu)(yu)增加晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界運(yun)動所需的(de)能(neng)量。當(dang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界與第(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)相(xiang)遇時(shi),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體能(neng)量降低,其降低量與第(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)(jie)面積成正比,所以(yi)必須(xu)(xu)提高晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界能(neng),晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界才能(neng)離開(kai)第(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)繼續運(yun)動。并且當(dang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界與第(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)相(xiang)遇時(shi),與第(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)橫(heng)截(jie)(jie)面積相(xiang)等(deng)的(de)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界必須(xu)(xu)變形,第(di)二(er)(er)相(xiang)數量愈多,晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒長(chang)大的(de)極限尺寸愈小。
另一方面為了(le)降(jiang)低電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化鎂的顯(xian)氣(qi)孔率,也應盡量減(jian)少(shao)原料氧化鎂的氣(qi)體排出,因此,采(cai)用燒結鎂砂電(dian)熔(rong)有其顯(xian)著優點(dian)。
⑤電(dian)熔氧化鎂單晶的化學原料質量要(yao)求:
(3)電弧熔融
這些特性是(shi)(shi)同原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)和分子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)量子(zi)(zi)(zi)力學本(ben)性如離子(zi)(zi)(zi)半(ban)徑的(de)(de)尺寸,離子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)電(dian)位數值,離子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)外層結構等相關聯(lian)。而氧化鎂的(de)(de)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)尺寸、質量和電(dian)荷、陽(yang)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)和陰離子(zi)(zi)(zi)之間(jian)的(de)(de)結合(he)特性和強(qiang)度、離子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)極化作用、結晶構造(zao)等決定(ding)它是(shi)(shi)一高熔(rong)點化合(he)物。
氧化鎂的熔點和結(jie)構(gou)參數(shu):陽離子半徑(jing)0.074mm;陰(yin)離子半徑(jing)0.53mm;結(jie)構(gou)類型NaCl;配(pei)位數(shu)6;有效配(pei)位數(shu)8.5;密(mi)度3.65g/cm3;熔點2800℃。
電(dian)熔凝氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)制(zhi)造的(de)最重要(yao)過程(cheng)是由各種(zhong)(zhong)鎂(mei)質原料,通(tong)過各種(zhong)(zhong)形式的(de)加熱方(fang)法產(chan)生(sheng)高溫使鎂(mei)質材(cai)料(MgO)熔化(hua)(hua)(hua),變(bian)成氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔體(ti)(ti)。要(yao)使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)熔融,必須消耗大量的(de)熱能,以(yi)克服(fu)離子(zi)間的(de)引力(li)。通(tong)過強大電(dian)弧(hu)產(chan)生(sheng)高溫而熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)的(de)方(fang)法叫做電(dian)弧(hu)熔融法。這個融化(hua)(hua)(hua)過程(cheng)一(yi)般(ban)包括熱的(de)傳導、脫(tuo)(tuo)水(shui)、脫(tuo)(tuo)碳、熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)、析晶、晶體(ti)(ti)長大等(deng)一(yi)系列(lie)物理(li)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)過程(cheng)。
①脫水(shui)過(guo)程。用水(shui)鎂石(shi)作原料有(you)一脫水(shui)過(guo)程。水(shui)鎂石(shi)的主要(yao)成分是氫氧(yang)化鎂Mg(OH)2。其脫水(shui)過(guo)程是:
Mg(OH)2→MgO+H2O
②脫碳(tan)過(guo)程。用菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦作為原料時有一(yi)個(ge)脫碳(tan)過(guo)程,脫碳(tan)過(guo)程包括兩個(ge)方面。一(yi)方面是菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石(shi)的熱(re)分解,菱(ling)鎂(mei)礦石(shi)的主(zhu)要成分是碳(tan)酸鎂(mei)(MgCO3):
MgCO3→MgO+CO2
另(ling)一方面,由于在(zai)電(dian)熔過(guo)(guo)程中往往在(zai)原料氧(yang)化鎂中加(jia)入(ru)石(shi)(shi)墨粉末添加(jia)物(助劑),在(zai)電(dian)熔爐(lu)起動過(guo)(guo)程中需在(zai)三電(dian)極(石(shi)(shi)墨電(dian)極)的下端用石(shi)(shi)墨粉末鋪成三角形(xing)或星形(xing)導線路,在(zai)通(tong)電(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中受熱燒損或完(wan)全(quan)燃燒除去石(shi)(shi)墨。
C+O2→CO2↑
③熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)程。熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)過(guo)(guo)程即氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)中鎂(mei)(mei)離子(zi)和(he)氧離子(zi)在強(qiang)電(dian)弧(hu)產(chan)生的熱(re)(re)能(neng)作用(yong)下(xia),克服單晶(jing)(jing)體中的晶(jing)(jing)格能(neng)的束縛,變成能(neng)自由運動的過(guo)(guo)程。也就是說,氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)加熱(re)(re)到一定溫(wen)度(熔(rong)點)就會由固體變成液體,叫熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)。在這一過(guo)(guo)程中需消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)大量的電(dian)能(neng)。據電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)生產(chan)者(zhe)對(dui)用(yong)水鎂(mei)(mei)石(shi)作原料生產(chan)電(dian)熔(rong)凝氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)的熱(re)(re)平衡(heng)的衡(heng)算,熱(re)(re)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)的比例如下(xia):氧化(hua)(hua)鎂(mei)(mei)晶(jing)(jing)體生成熱(re)(re)消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)值(zhi)34.9%,渣皮消(xiao)(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)(re)值(zhi)15.3%,散砂(sha)生成熱(re)(re)耗(hao)(hao)值(zhi)3.0%,冷卻(que)水耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)(re)值(zhi)8.4%,冷卻(que)爐殼的水耗(hao)(hao)熱(re)(re)值(zhi)7.9%,爐子(zi)表面散熱(re)(re)值(zhi)6.4%,煙氣帶走熱(re)(re)值(zhi)28.8%。電(dian)能(neng)損失(shi)值(zhi)3.2%,從這些統計(ji)數(shu)據可以看出,在電(dian)熔(rong)